Rudolf Clausius
1822 CE–1888 CE · Koszalin
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈklaʊzi̯ʊs]; 2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founding fathers of the science of thermodynamics. By his restatement of Sadi Carnot's principle known as the Carnot cycle, he gave the theory of heat a truer and sounder basis. His most important paper, "On the Moving Force of Heat", published in 1850, first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy. In 1870 he introduced the virial theorem, which applied to heat.
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- Richard Owen· 1804 CE–1892 CE
- Charles Darwin· 1809 CE–1882 CE
- Robert Bunsen· 1811 CE–1899 CE
- Urbain Le Verrier· 1811 CE–1877 CE
- Claude Bernard· 1813 CE–1878 CE
- James Joseph Sylvester· 1814 CE–1897 CE
- Julius Robert von Mayer· 1814 CE–1878 CE
- Karl Weierstrass· 1815 CE–1897 CE
- James Prescott Joule· 1818 CE–1889 CE
- Florence Nightingale· 1820 CE–1910 CE
- Pafnuty Chebyshev· 1821 CE–1894 CE
- Hermann von Helmholtz· 1821 CE–1894 CE
- Arthur Cayley· 1821 CE–1895 CE
- Rudolf Virchow· 1821 CE–1902 CE
- Gregor Mendel· 1822 CE–1884 CE
- Louis Pasteur· 1822 CE–1895 CE
- Leopold Kronecker· 1823 CE–1891 CE
- Gustav Kirchhoff· 1824 CE–1887 CE
- William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)· 1824 CE–1907 CE
- Thomas Henry Huxley· 1825 CE–1895 CE
- Ferdinand Cohn· 1828 CE–1898 CE
- August Kekulé· 1829 CE–1896 CE
- James Clerk Maxwell· 1831 CE–1879 CE
- Alfred Nobel· 1833 CE–1896 CE
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- Cetshwayo· 1826 CE–1884 CE
- Manuelito (Hastiin Ch'il Haajiní)· 1818 CE–1893 CE
- James A. Garfield· 1831 CE–1881 CE
- William Gladstone· 1809 CE–1898 CE
- Otto von Bismarck· 1815 CE–1898 CE
- Ulysses S. Grant· 1822 CE–1885 CE
- Ouray· 1833 CE–1880 CE
- Abdulaziz· 1830 CE–1876 CE
- Rutherford B. Hayes· 1822 CE–1893 CE
- Chester A. Arthur· 1829 CE–1886 CE
- Washakie· 1804 CE–1900 CE
- Pedro II of Brazil· 1825 CE–1891 CE
- Crazy Horse (Tȟašúŋke Witkó)· 1840 CE–1877 CE
- Lobengula· –1894 CE
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