September 10

Simon Dubnow, the historian whose ten-volume World History of the Jewish People pioneered a sociological reading of the Jewish past, was born on this day in 1860.

Robert Koldewey, the archaeologist who directed the long excavation of Babylon and uncovered the Ishtar Gate, was born in Blankenburg am Harz.

At CERN near Geneva, protons travelled around the twenty-seven-kilometre ring of the Large Hadron Collider for the first time, beginning operations at the world's largest particle accelerator.